Research Proposal Sample | Medical Course | Part 2
Research Proposal Sample | Medical Course | Part 2
CHAPTER
II
Literature
review
2.1. Introduction
Review of literature is one the most
important steps in research process. It is a description and analysis of the
literature relevant to a particular field or topic. It provides an overview of
work already had been carried out and what are needed to. It is done with the
purpose of providing support to the conceptual framework of the research study.
The purpose of literature review is to gain deeper insight about the subject to
develop instrument for data collection and find out certain data that may be applicable
in the interpretation of the conclusion of the study. This chapter deals with
Literature related to knowledge of stress and Literature related to coping
strategies among unemployed youths.It represents a review of relevant topic from research as well as
non-research areas, reports, articles, document, journal, books and internet.
2.2.
Review of related literature
Related
to stress
A cross sectional study was done in Canada to
evaluate psychological distress among 17276 non workers by Alain Merchant, Aline
Drapeau and Dominic Bealieu-prevost using k6 scale developed by Kessler through
computer-assisted phone interviews. It was concluded that psychological
distress was generally lower in workers than in non-workers with the mean
difference of 1.85.
A longitudinal study was done in New York by the
American college of occupational and environmental medicine after six months of
September 11 attack among unemployed youths. During follow up after six months
of the study, it was concluded that the prevalence of poor mental health and
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were higher among unemployed youths than
that who got jobs. However, high level of perceived work stress predicted PTSD
persistent among person employed at follow up (P=0.02).
A longitudinal study was done in Sweden by Gerdtham
UG, Johanneshon M, among 30000 both employed and unemployed individuals aged 20
to 60 was followed up for 10 to 17 years. It was concluded that unemployment
significantly increases the risk of death at the end of follow up by nearly
fifty percent. It was found that stress related to unemployment increases risk
of suicide and other diseases except cancer.
Mattis Strandih conducted a cohort study in Sweden
among 1083 graduates from compulsory school in 1981 for the follow up time
period of 27 years by using polytomous Universal model (PLUM) in order to
compare between mental scar due to open youth unemployment and youth programs.
Result showed strong and significant relationship between exposure to open
youth unemployment and internalized mental Health Symptoms (IMHS) at age 21
(OR=2.48, CI=1.57-3.60) and 43 (OR=1.71, CI=1.20-2.43).
Related
to coping strategies
A cross sectional study was done in Enugu state by
the University of Nigeria among 150 unemployed graduates to test the hypotheses
that unemployed graduate in Enugu would depend on families, friends, engage in
menial jobs, be optimistic and patience as coping strategies for reducing
financial stress. The hypotheses that unemployed graduates rely on instrumental
support (p value 0.00) and positive reframing (p value 0.02) were accepted
whereas the hypotheses that that the unemployed graduate rely on patience (p
value 0.07) as coping strategies was rejected.
Mantler
and Janet of American psychological Association conducted a comparative study
among unemployed youths which concluded the emotion focused coping strategies
were related to higher perceived stress whereas problem focused coping
strategies were related to lower perceived stress due to unemployment
A
cross sectional study done in Canada by Stephen Baron among 400 homeless youths
revealed that the effect of unemployment on crime is mediated and moderated
primarily by other variables like anger which is an example of ineffective
coping strategies. On other hand,the lack of state support,decrease insocial
control and prolonged homelessness lead to greater participation in criminal activities
directly.
Mui
Chung yan conducted a qualitative study in Canada involving a group of
unemployed Vietnamese Chinese youth showed there experience to be similar to
those of many others unemployed youth described in several major non-Canadian
studies. It was found that family with primary source of support for youths in
that situation. However, taking a cultural perspectives, this study also
indicated the interrelationship of coping and culture.
A
study done Sweden among unemployed youths by Janlert U concluded that there is causal
link between unemployment and deterioration in health status due to stress.
Unemployment persons were smokers to a greater extent than unemployment person.
Unemployed men, especially young were engaged in alcohol consumption. The study
revealed that there were positive correlation between unemployment and
consumption of alcohol and smoking.
Christensen
U conducted cross sectional study in Denmark among 575 unemployment men and
1064 unemployment women within objective to associate between educational
attainment and coping strategies in a random sample. It was concluded that
there is significant association between low educational attainment and low use
of problem solving coping with odd ration of 1.81 among men and 1.51among
women. High use of avoidant coping was associated with low educational
attainment among men with odd ration 1.57 whereas for women medium educational
attainment was significantly associated with low use of avoidant coping, odd
ration 0.60.
Grossi
G conducted a cross sectional study in Sweden among 166 unemployed men and
women in order to assess coping strategies and emotional distress. Emotional
distress was positively related to financial strain and more common among
younger, divorced but less frequent among subject who had been unemployed for
more than three years. It was found that emotion focused coping was positively
related to emotional distress. Younger and divorced subjects made frequent use
of both emotion focused and problem focused coping. Problem focused coping was
less frequent among subject with low education coupled with low financial
strain.
A
cross sectional study was done in eastern china by Li Chen among 210 unemployed
migrant workers to examine their mental health and coping strategies through
interview based survey by using Chinese version of symptom checklist 90 revised
and coping strategies questionnaire. It was found that long term unemployed
migrant workers had more psychiatric symptom with mean SCL- 90- R, GSI scores
for all 210 unemployed migrant workers above the cut- off point (GSI > 70).
CHAPTER
III
Research
methodology
3.1.
Introduction
The research methodology gives overall picture about
the structure directed towards the entire research.
3.2.
Research design
A descriptive cross-sectional study will be carried
out to assess the stress and coping strategies of unemployed youths.
3.3. Research setting
3.4.
Study population and sampling
3.4.1.
Population
The youths of ward no. 10 of Budhanilakantha, Kapan of
the age group 20 to 39 years who have completed at least bachelor’s degree in
any field of study and are unemployed.
3.4.2.
Inclusion criteria
The youths who will available during the study period
of ward no. 10.
3.4.3.
Exclusion criteria
Youths who will not have interest to participate in
the study,
Youths who will return from abroad in their holiday
for short period of time.
3.4.4.
Sampling technique
Purposive sampling technique will be used.
3.4.5. Sample size
The sample of 50 will be taken for this study.
3.5. Instrumentation for selected data collection
3.5.1. Data collection tools
The questionnaire will be
used as the data collection tools which consist of 3 parts, where;
•
Part I-structured questionnaire related to socio-economic
variables.
•
Part II- standard tool: perceived stress scale 10.
•
Part III- standard too: brief cope scale.
3.5.2. Data collection techniques
Self-administered
questionnaire technique will be used
3.5.3. Validity and Reliability
Validity of the study will
be established by developing the instruments on the basis of peer review,
literature review,and opinion of subject experts, research advisor.
The reliability of the study
will be maintained by pre-testing on 10% of the sample population in Kapan
community.Then, necessary modification will be done.
3.6. Data Processing and Analysis
The mode of data entry will
be computerized. The SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software
program will be used for data processing. The collected data will be checked,
reviewed and organized for accuracyand completeness. The collected data will be
entered and coded in SPSS program. Analysis and interpretation of the findings will be done with the help of
descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage) and will be presented in table.
3.7. Limitation of the study
•
Design - Only
descriptive method will be used.
•
Area - will be collected Kapan community.
•
Time - Only 3 weeks for data collection
•
Budget -
Self finance
3.8. Ethical considerations
•
Formal
approvals will be obtained from the concerned authority of college i.e.
research committee to conduct research.
•
Formal written
permission will be taken from the concerned ward secretory by submitting an
official letter.
•
The informed
and written consent from the respondents will be taken.
•
Nobody will be
forced to participate.
•
The
introduction of the researcher and the purpose of the study will be clearly
stated in research instrument.
•
The principle
of the justice and human dignity will be maintained.
•
Name or
respondents will be used or mentioned in this study.
•
Privacy, confidentiality and anonymity of the
respondents will be maintained
LIST
OF REFERENCES
1. Christensen U, Schmidt L, Kriegbaum M, Hougaard Co,
Holestein BE, coping with unemployment: does educational attainment make any
difference? Public health.2006; 34(4):363-70.
2. Chen L, Li W, He J, Wu L, Yan Z, Tang W. Mental
health, duration of unemployment, and coping strategies: a cross sectional
study of unemployed migrant workers in eastern china during the economic crisis
BMC Public Health. 2012:12:597.
3. Gupta,
R. (1999). The Revised Caregiver Burden
Scale. A preliminary evaluation. Research on Social Work Practice, 9(4),
508-520.
4. Grossi
G. Coping and emotional distress in a sample of Swedish unemployed. Scand J
Psychol. 1990 sept; 40(3):157-65.
Retrieved from
rsw.sagepub.com/content/9/4/508.abstract on 2074/2/20
5.
Hepburn, K. (2015). Care giver’s stress.
A fact sheet from the office on women’s
health. PP 1-2.
Retrieved from www.womenshealth.gov
review on 2074/2/20
6. Hennemen
A, E. Cardin, S (2002). Family centered critical care: A practical approach to
make it happen. Critical Care Nurse.Vol.22
(6), 12-15.
7. Hughes,
F., Bryan, K., & Robbins, I. (2005). Relatives experiences of critical
care. Nursing in Critical Care, 10(1), 23-30.Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15739636
on 2074/2/20.
8. Janlert
U. unemployment as a disease and diseases of the unemployed. Scand J Work
environ Health. 1997; 23:7-83.
9 Stress management technique/ simply psychology.
Available on http://www.simplypsychology.org/stress-management.html , retrieved on 2074/2/21
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